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1.
Rev. cuba. ortop. traumatol ; 36(1)abr. 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1409053

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La evaluación anatómica músculo esquelética por imagen en la exploración clínica del pie diabético es la fotografía digital que evalúa la morfología superficial. Objetivos: Validar la obtención de las imágenes fotográficas del pie, calcular las mediciones longitudinales, angulares y el índice del arco plantar, de las imágenes fotográficas del pie por fotogrametría, y basados en estas, categorizar la normalidad de la forma en sujetos sanos. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio en 30 individuos sanos evaluados en la Unidad clínica de pie diabético en la ciudad de Trujillo, mediante un prototipo de cámaras alrededor de un podoscopio y un software de análisis de imágenes. La imagen fotográfica fue evaluada por mediciones longitudinales, angulares y el índice del arco plantar. Resultados: Los pacientes evaluados tenían una edad media de 25,06+/-11,95 años, y predominaron las mujeres. La longitud total del pie y anchura del metatarso en el lado derecho fue de 226,55 ± 36,49 mm y 98,99 ± 22,71 mm respectivamente; y en el lado izquierdo fue de 229,81 ± 42,25 mm y 104,49 ± 16,84 mm respectivamente. El ángulo intermetatarsal del 1-2 rayo, ángulo intermetatarsal del 4-5 rayo y ángulo del retropié para el lado derecho fueron 14 ± 4º, 11 ± 3º y 2 ± 2º respectivamente; para el lado izquierdo 14 ± 3º, 9 ± 3º y 2 ± 2º respectivamente, y el índice plantar del arco derecho e izquierdo fueron 0,23 ± 0,2 y 0,22 ± 0,1 respectivamente. La variabilidad solo se presentó en el antepie en el 20 percent de los casos. Conclusiones: La obtención de las imágenes fotográficas del pie fueron válidas, las mediciones fueron menores o similares a otros estudios. La variabilidad de la normalidad solo se presentó en el antepie(AU)


Introduction: The musculoskeletal anatomical evaluation by imaging in the clinical examination of the diabetic foot is digital photography that assesses the superficial morphology. Objectives: To validate the obtaining of photographic images of the foot, to calculate the longitudinal and angular measurements and the index of the plantar arch, from the photographic images of the foot by photogrammetry, and to categorize the normality of the shape in healthy subjects, based on these photographic images. Methods: This an exploratory study in 30 healthy individuals evaluated at the Diabetic Foot Clinical Unit in Trujillo city, using a prototype of cameras around a podoscope and image analysis software. The photographic image was evaluated by longitudinal and angular measurements and the plantar arch index. Results: The patients evaluated had a mean age of 25.06+/-11.95 years, and women predominated. Total foot length and metatarsal width on the right side were 226.55 ± 36.49 mm and 98.99 ± 22.71 mm, respectively; and on the left side it was 229.81 ± 42.25 mm and 104.49 ± 16.84 mm, respectively. The 1st-2nd ray intermetatarsal angle, 4th-5th ray intermetatarsal angle and hindfoot angle for the right side were 14 ± 4º, 11 ± 3º and 2 ± 2º respectively; for the left side 14 ± 3º, 9 ± 3º and 2 ± 2º respectively, and the plantar index of the right and left arch were 0.23 ± 0.2 and 0.22 ± 0.1 respectively. Variability only occurred in the forefoot in 20 percent of cases. Conclusions: Obtaining of the photographic images of the foot was valid, measurements were smaller or similar to other studies. The variability of normality only appeared in the forefoot(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Photogrammetry/methods , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Foot/anatomy & histology , Physical Examination/methods , Foot Deformities/etiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Diabetic Foot
2.
Rev. Paul. Pediatr. (Ed. Port., Online) ; 39: e2020034, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: biblio-1143845

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To measure the intra- and inter-rater reliability of a biophotogrammetric assessment protocol for thoracoabdominal motion in preterm infants. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. Footage of 40 preterm infants was made in two views (lateral and anterior). The babies were placed in the supine position, with retroverted pelvis and semiflexed knees. Acrylic markers were positioned on surgical tape in eight predetermined anatomical points. We analyzed 4 variables in lateral view and 11 in anterior view (angular and linear) (ImageJ®), divided into two stages: 1. same frames - three blinded evaluators analyzed frames previously selected by the main researcher (inter-rater analysis 1), reviewing these same frames after 15 days (intra-rater analysis 1); 2. different frames - each evaluator selected the frames from the original video and repeated the protocol (inter-rater analysis 2), with a review after 15 days (intra-rater analysis 2). In stage 2, we tested the reliability of the entire process, from image selection to the analysis of variables. Data agreement and reproducibility were obtained by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Agreement was high, particularly in angular variables (ICC 0.82 to 0.99). Linear variables ranged between very good and excellent in analysis 1 (same frames: ICC 0.64 to 0.99) and analysis 2 (different frames: ICC 0.44 to 0.89). Conclusions: The present study suggests that the proposed protocol for the thoracoabdominal motion analysis of preterm neonates has high reliability.


RESUMO Objetivo: Mensurar a confiabilidade intra e interexaminador de um protocolo de avaliação biofotogramétrica da mobilidade toracoabdominal de prematuros. Métodos: Estudo de caráter transversal e analítico. Incluíram-se filmagens de 40 prematuros em duas vistas (lateral e superior), realizadas em supino, pelve retrovertida e joelhos em semiflexão. Marcadores de acrílico foram posicionados sobre Micropores em oito pontos anatômicos predeterminados. Foram analisadas 4 variáveis na vista lateral e 11 na vista superior (angulares e lineares) (ImageJ®), divididas em duas etapas: (1-Frames iguais) análises de fotogramas previamente selecionados pela pesquisadora principal por três avaliadores cegos (análise interexaminador 1), com reanálise desses mesmos fotogramas após 15 dias (análise intraexaminador 1); (2-Frames diferentes) cada avaliador selecionou os fotogramas por meio do vídeo original e repetiu o protocolo (análise interexaminador 2), com reanálise após 15 dias (análise intraexaminador 2). Em (2), foi testada a confiabilidade de todo o processo de análise, desde a separação das imagens até a análise das variáveis. A concordância e reprodutibilidade dos dados foram obtidas pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). Resultados: Houve concordância forte, com ênfase nas variáveis angulares (CCI [0,82 a 0,99]). As variáveis lineares apresentaram variação entre muito boa e excelente na análise 1 (frames iguais: CCI 0,64 a 0,99) e na análise 2 (frames diferentes: CCI entre 0,44 e 0,89). Conclusões: O presente estudo sugere forte confiabilidade do protocolo proposto para análise da movimentação toracoabdominal de neonatos prematuros.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Photogrammetry/methods , Neonatal Screening/instrumentation , Abdominal Muscles/physiopathology , Respiration , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Cross-Sectional Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Infant, Extremely Premature
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(2): 348-355, abr. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056446

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Photogrammetry is becoming increasingly popular in morphological research and teaching due to its portability, ability to reliably render 3D models, and quality-to-price relationship relative to some popular surface scanners. Compared to surface scanners, however, the learning process in photogrammetry can be very time consuming. Here we describe common mistakes of photo capture in close-range photogrammetry that greatly affect 3D output and tips to improve them. Problems were identified after the 3D model construction of 780 hand bones of chimpanzees and gorillas from museum collections. Their hands are composed of 27 bones which vary in length and complexity. We show how lighting, object position and orientation, camera angle, and background affect the 3D output. By taking these factors into account, time and error rates for beginners can be greatly reduced and 3D model quality can be considerably improved.


RESUMEN: La fotogrametría está siendo cada vez más popular en la investigación y enseñanza morfológica. Esto debido a su portabilidad, confiabilidad de los modelos 3D y buena relación calidadprecio. Comparada con los escáneres de superficie, sin embargo, el proceso de aprendizaje de la fotogrametría puede llevar mucho tiempo. Aquí se describen errores comunes en la toma de fotos para fotogrametería que afectan de manera importante la creación de los modelos 3D, así como consejos para superarlos. Los problemas descritos fueron identificados luego de la construcción de 780 modelos 3D de huesos de la mano de chimpancés y gorillas depositados en distintas colecciones de museos. Las manos de estas especies están compuestas por 27 huesos que varían en tamaño y complejidad. En este artículo mostramos como la luz, la posición y orientación del objeto, el ángulo de la cámara y el fondo de la imagen afectan el resultado en 3D. Considerando estos factores, personas que están aprendiendo esta técnica pueden reducir de manera importante el tiempo y la probabilidad de error, y mejorar considerablemente la calidad de los modelos 3D.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging , Photogrammetry/methods , Hand/diagnostic imaging , Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology , Pan troglodytes , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Gorilla gorilla , Hand/anatomy & histology
4.
Rev. Paul. Pediatr. (Ed. Port., Online) ; 37(2): 225-233, Apr.-June 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1013295

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the chest wall shape in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in comparison to healthy subjects and the association between the chest wall shape with the spine deformity and lung function in patients with AIS. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 30 AIS patients and 20 healthy subjects aged 11-18 years old. The Cobb angle evaluation was performed in AIS patients. The chest wall shape was assessed by the photogrammetry method, using the Postural Assessment Software (PAS). We created thoracic markers shaped as angles (A) and distances (D), as follows: A2 (right acromion/xiphoid/left acromion), A4L (angle formed between the outer point of the smallest waist circumference and its upper and lower edges on the left side), A7 (angle formed by the intersection of the tangent segments of the upper and lower scapulae angles), D1R/D1L [distance between the xiphoid process and the last false rib on the right (R) and left (L) sides], and D3 (distance between xiphoid process and anterior superior iliac spine). Results: The thoracic markers A2 and A7 were significantly higher, while the A4L and D1R/D1L were significantly reduced in the AIS group compared to the control. Moderate correlations were found between: A2 and the main and proximal thoracic Cobb angles (r=0.50, r=0.47, respectively); D1R/D1L and the main thoracic Cobb angle (r=- 0.40); and the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and D3R (r=0.47). Conclusions: The photogrammetry method was able to detect chest wall changes in AIS patients, besides presenting correlation between Cobb angles and lung function.


RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o formato da caixa torácica em pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA), comparando-os com indivíduos saudáveis e analisar a associação do formato da caixa torácica com a deformidade da coluna vertebral e função pulmonar em pacientes com EIA. Métodos: Estudo transversal que avaliou 30 pacientes com EIA e 20 indivíduos saudáveis com idade entre 11 e 18 anos. O ângulo de Cobb foi avaliado em pacientes com EIA. O formato da caixa torácica foi analisado pelo método da fotogrametria, utilizando o Software para Avaliação Postural (SAPO). Foram criados marcadores torácicos descritos como ângulos (A)e distâncias (D): A2 (acrômio direito/processo xifoide/acrômio esquerdo), A4E (ângulo formado entre o ponto externo da menor circunferência da cintura e suas bordas superior e inferior do lado esquerdo), A7 (ângulo formado pela interseção das retas tangentes aos ângulos superior e inferior das escápulas), D1D/D1E [distância entre o processo xifoide e a última costela falsa nos lados direito (D) e esquerdo (E)] e D3 (distância entre o processo xifoide e a espinha ilíaca anterossuperior). Resultados: Os marcadores torácicos A2 e A7 foram significativamente maiores, enquanto o A4E e o D1D/D1E foram significativamente menores no grupo EIA em relação ao controle. Foram encontradas correlações moderadas entre: A2 e os ângulos de Cobb torácico principal e proximal (r=0,50 e r=0,47, respectivamente); D1D/D1E e o ângulo de Cobb torácico principal (r=-0,40); e o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e D3D (r=0,47). Conclusões: O método da fotogrametria detectou alterações na caixa torácica de pacientes com EIA, além de apresentar correlações significativas entre os ângulos de Cobb e a função pulmonar.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Scapula , Thoracic Vertebrae , Photogrammetry/methods , Respiratory Function Tests/methods , Scoliosis/diagnosis , Scoliosis/physiopathology , Scoliosis/pathology , Brazil , Anthropometry/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Thoracic Wall/physiopathology , Thoracic Wall/pathology
5.
Pesqui. bras. odontopediatria clín. integr ; 19(1): 4550, 01 Fevereiro 2019. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-997907

ABSTRACT

Objective: To evaluate the facial morphology of Caucasian obese adults in relation to normal weight peers, and to study the association between three-dimensional soft-tissue facial measurements and cardiometabolic risk factors. Material and Methods: Nineteen Caucasian obese subjects aged 25 to 73 years underwent anthropometric measurements, blood samples and a stereophotogrammetric facial scan. Soft-tissue facial linear distances, angles, and volumes were obtained and compared to those collected on normal weight subjects by computing z-scores. Spearman correlation was used to assess the associations between facial measurements and metabolic parameters. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex and age was used to assess the risk of metabolic syndrome associated to the facial measurements. Results: Overall, when compared to normal weight persons, obese adults had a wider face in the horizontal dimension, with a middle face (maxilla) that was larger both in absolute value and relatively to the lower face (mandible), and a larger right side gonial angle (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.01). Only the mean (left and right) gonial angle was positively associated to serum triglycerides level, while the other facial measurements were associated with none of the cardiometabolic parameters. Moreover, none of the facial measurements was associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Despite larger facial dimensions and altered mandible/maxilla volume ratio, three-dimensional soft-tissue facial morphometry in Caucasian obese adults is not related to cardiometabolic risk factors. The actual association between morphological facial characteristics and clinical information on the health conditions of patients is still to be investigated.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Risk Factors , Adult , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Metabolic Syndrome , Face/anatomy & histology , Obesity/etiology , Photogrammetry/methods , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Regression Analysis , Statistics, Nonparametric , Italy
6.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 24(2): 523-534, Feb. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-984190

ABSTRACT

Resumo Escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) atinge de 2% a 4% de jovens no Brasil. Repetidas exposições aos exames radiológicos, no acompanhamento desta deformidade, podem ser danosos à saúde. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um protocolo de fotogrametria, como método não ionizante para quantificação da escoliose, e relacioná-lo ao método radiológico de Cobb. Dezesseis indivíduos portadores de escoliose idiopática (21,4 ± 6,1 anos de idade e 19,8±0,2 de índice de massa corporal) foram submetidos à radiografia posteroanterior do tronco, de pé e, posteriormente, fotografia do tronco posterior, após receberem marcadores anatômicos nos processos espinhosos das vértebras C7 até L5. As imagens foram encaminhadas para análise independente de dois examinadores treinados na quantificação da escoliose para o tipo de imagem recebida. A média angular torácica de Cobb e de fotogrametria foram 36,14° e 36,43°, respectivamente. A diferença média entre os métodos foi de 4,1°. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p-valor < 5%) entre eles. A fotogrametria, por ser não ionizante, ter baixo custo e ser portátil, poderá representar uma alternativa ao método radiológico. Novos estudos são necessários no aprimoramento das técnicas não ionizantes no rastreamento da EIA.


Abstract Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects 2% to 4% of young people in Brazil. Repeated exposures to radiation used in the monitoring of the deformity can be harmful to the health. This study aimed to present a photogrammetry protocol as a non-ionizing method to quantify scoliosis and relate it to the Cobb radiological method. Sixteen individuals with idiopathic scoliosis (age: 21.4 ± 6.1 years, body mass index: 19.8 ± 0.2 kg/m2) underwent standing posteroanterior X-ray examination of the trunk. Additionally, markers were placed on the spinal processes of the C7 to L5 vertebrae, and posterior trunk photographs were taken. All images were sent for independent analysis by two examiners who were trained in the quantification of scoliosis. The average of the thoracic curvature evaluated through the photogrammetry and Cobb methods were 36.43° and 36.14°, respectively. With an average difference of 4.1°, the methods were not statistically different (p < 0.05). As a non-ionizing method that is low cost and portable, photogrammetry may represent a suitable alternative to the radiological method. Further studies are needed for the improvement of non-ionizing techniques in AIS screening.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Scoliosis/diagnosis , Photogrammetry/methods , Radiography/methods , Mass Screening/methods , Scoliosis/diagnostic imaging , Brazil , Cervical Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging , Cross-Sectional Studies , Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging , Middle Aged
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 37(1): 232-236, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-990032

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The nasolabial region is the central esthetic unit of the face and is considered one of the most important determinants of the facial esthetic. The facial morphometry of soft tissues is a very important tool in facial surgery. Advances have been made recently in the capture and analysis of 3D images, which offer great development potential in the diagnosis and treatment of facial deformities. The aim of this study was to characterize the nasolabial region of patient candidates for orthognathic surgery using 3D facial captures. A study was conducted to characterize the width of the nasal base and the nasolabial angle in adult patients through 3D photographs. 30 subjects were included, taking two 3D photos each, one in a resting position and the other smiling. The three-dimensional capture was done with the 3dMDface System. The measurements were taken with the 3dMD Vultus software. The length of the alar base was an average of 34.3 ± 2.6 mm at rest, and 39.1 ± 2.9 mm smiling. The mean of the nasolabial angle was 104.6 ± 9.6° at rest and 105.4 ± 14.3º smiling. Additionally, the distance of the alar base smiling compared to its distance at rest increased an average of 4.83 mm, whereas the nasolabial angle smiling increased an average of 0.8º compared to at rest. In this study, the nasolabial angle did not present any significant changes so that its assessments in the case of facial modifications can be standard; the width of the nasal base is significantly modified with the smile and thus a more intense study of any type of modification in this area is required.


RESUMEN: La región nasolabial es la unidad estética central de la cara y se considera uno de los determinantes más importantes de la estética facial. La morfometría facial en tejidos bandos, es una herramienta de gran importancia en Cirugía Facial. En el último tiempo, se han realizado avances en captura y análisis de imágenes 3D, las cuales ofrecen un gran potencial de desarrollo en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las deformidades faciales. El objetivo de éste trabajo fue caracterizar mediante capturas faciales 3D la región nasolabial de pacientes candidatos a cirugía ortognática. Se realizó un estudio para caracterizar a través de fotografías tridimensionales de pacientes adultos el ancho de la base nasal y el ángulo nasolabial. Se incluyeron 30 sujetos, tomando 2 fotografías 3D a cada uno, una en posición de reposo y otra en sonrisa. Se realizó la captura tridimensional con la camara facial 3dMDface System. Las mediciones fueron realizadas con el software 3dMD Vultus. La longitud de base alar en reposo, fue en promedio de 34,3 ± 2,6 mm, y de 39,1 ± 2,9 mm, en sonrisa. Por otra parte, la media del ángulo nasolabial en reposo fue de 104,6 ± 9,6° y en sonrisa, de 105,4 ± 14,3º. Por otro lado, la distancia de la base alar en sonrisa respecto a su distancia en reposo, aumentó un promedio de 4,83 mm, mientras que el ángulo nasolabial en sonrisa, aumentó en promedio 0,8º respecto a la posición de reposo. En esta investigación, el ángulo nasolabial no presentó cambios significativos de forma que su valoración frente a modificaciones faciales puede ser estándar; el ancho de base nasal se modifica significativamente con la sonrisa de forma que su estudio debe ser más agudo frente a cualquier tipo de modificación en esta zona.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Photogrammetry/methods , Nose/diagnostic imaging , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Lip/diagnostic imaging , Smiling , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Nose/anatomy & histology , Lip/anatomy & histology
8.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 33(4): 572-579, out.-dez. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-980163

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O registro fotográfico tem sido importante para diversas especialidades médicas como a Cirurgia Plástica. A fotografia em duas dimensões apresenta limitações para capturar profundidade e volume de estruturas outros instrumentos para avaliar essa alteração. Diversas tecnologias foram desenvolvidas para analisar objeto em três dimensões, sendo a estereofotogrametria uma tecnologia que utiliza a análise computadorizada de duas ou mais fotografias simultâneas do objeto para produzir um modelo geométrico em três dimensões. As vantagens da estereofotogrametria incluem menor custo, portabilidade, ausência de radiação e rapidez da captura das imagens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica avaliando o uso e a acurácia da estereofotogrametria para mensuração de volume de estruturas na face. Métodos: Foi realizada pesquisa nos bancos de dados Cochrane Library e Medline até maio de 2018 utilizando uma combinação de descritores Mesh e termos livres. Resultados: Foram obtidos inicialmente 2213 estudos observando a estratégia de busca. Seguindo os critérios de elegibilidade, foram selecionados 27 artigos, sendo 21 relatos de casos não randomizados e 6 ensaios clínicos randomizados. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos variou de 50 a 67%, segundo uma pontuação que vai de 0 a 100%. Conclusões: A estereofotogrametria é uma tecnologia promissora e tem sido cada vez mais utilizada para verificar variações de volume na face com alta acurácia e reprodutibilidade. Faltam estudos com melhor qualidade metodológica avaliando a acurácia e o uso da estereofotogrametria na avaliação de volume facial.


Introduction: Photographic documentation is important in several medical specialties, such as plastic surgery. Two-dimensional photography has limitations in capturing structure depth and volume, requiring other instruments to evaluate these changes. Several technologies have been developed for three-dimensional analysis of objects, of which stereophotogrammetry uses computerized analysis of two or more simultaneous photographs of the object to produce a three-dimensional geometric model. The advantages of stereophotogrammetry include lower cost, portability, absence of radiation, and speed of image capture. The aim of the present study was to perform a bibliographic review evaluating the use and accuracy of stereophotogrammetry for measuring the volume of facial structures. Methods: Using a combination of MeSH keywords and free terms, a search was performed in the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases. The search included all articles published on or before May 2018. Results: 2,213 studies were initially retrieved using this search strategy. Of these, 27 studies were selected based on the eligibility criteria, of which 21 were non-randomized case studies and 6 were randomized clinical trials. The methodological quality of the studies varied between 50 and 67%, on a grading scale from 0 to 100%. Conclusions: Stereophotogrammetry is a promising technology that is increasingly being used to check for facial volume variations with high accuracy and reproducibility. More studies with higher methodological quality are needed for evaluating the accuracy and use of stereophotogrammetry for facial volume evaluations.


Subject(s)
Humans , Photogrammetry/methods , Photogrammetry/standards , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Face/anatomy & histology , Diagnostic Equipment , Dimensional Measurement Accuracy
9.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 33(1): 96-103, jan.-mar. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-883644

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Com a globalização e melhora dos meios digitais e, consequentemente, a crescente utilização de fotografias digitais, faz-se necessária a criação de métodos de mensuração confiáveis. Na prática clínica, a medida direta utilizando-se fita métrica, régua e compasso é mais comumente utilizada. Porém, existem fatores intrínsecos (relevos corporais) e extrínsecos (colaboração do paciente ou movimentos respiratórios) que podem influenciar nos dados obtidos. A fotografia e os softwares gráficos podem ser uma alternativa precisa, mais cômoda e reprodutível à medida direta. O objetivo é demonstrar a forma de medir as mamas pelo software Adobe Photoshop. Métodos: Foram descritas a posição das voluntárias, a captação das imagens, calibração do software até a obtenção mensuração final das mamas. Em 40 mulheres voluntárias, com idade entre 18 e 60 anos, foram demarcados pontos sobre a região mamária e braços em posição frontal. A união destes pontos em cada hemicorpo formou 7 segmentos lineares, 1 angular e 1 segmento mediano comum a ambos os hemicorpos. Essas fotografias foram avaliadas no arquivo RAW, por 3 observadores, com auxílio do software Adobe Photoshop CS6®. Resultados: O Photoshop CS6® demonstrou ser eficaz na mensuração das mamas no arquivo RAW. Conclusão: O Photoshop® apresentou precisão nas medidas e ser factível para mensuração das mamas.


Introduction: With the globalization and improvement of digital media and, consequently, the increasing use of digital photography, it is necessary to create reliable measurement methods. In clinical practice, direct measurement using tape measure, ruler, and compass, is most commonly used. However, there are intrinsic (body contour) and extrinsic (patient collaboration or respiratory movements) factors that may influence the data obtained. Photography and graphics software can be an accurate, comfortable, and reproducible alternative to direct measurement. The objective is to demonstrate how to perform breast measurement using Adobe Photoshop software. Methods: Participants were described the position to assume. Imaging capturing techniques and software calibration were performed in order to obtain the final breast measurement. Markers were placed on the breast and arms of 40 women volunteers aged 18 to 60 years using an anterior view. The union of these markers in each hemibody resulted in seven linear segments, one angle and one transverse segment common to both hemibodies. These photographs were evaluated as a RAW file, by 3 evaluators, assisted by Adobe Photoshop CS6® software. Results: Photoshop CS6® proved effective in the breast measurement using RAW files. Conclusion: Photoshop® showed precision and effectiveness for breast measurement.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , History, 21st Century , Body Weights and Measures , Computer Graphics , Software , Breast , Photogrammetry , Anthropometry , Information Storage and Retrieval , Dimensional Measurement Accuracy , Body Weights and Measures/instrumentation , Body Weights and Measures/methods , Computer Graphics/instrumentation , Photogrammetry/instrumentation , Photogrammetry/methods , Anthropometry/instrumentation , Anthropometry/methods , Information Storage and Retrieval/methods
10.
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-965569

ABSTRACT

In the last decades, head and face imaging has shifted from two-dimensional (2D) representations (conventional radiography, photography) to three-dimensional (3D) techniques that can better depict the complex morphology of this part of the body, since they can provide a large number of additional anthropometric information [1-3]. 3D imaging systems can be divided into volumetric (computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and optical surface instruments (laser scanning, moiré techniques, stereophotogrammetry, patterned light techniques) [4]. These last are safe and not invasive, and provide a 3D representation of the external (cutaneous) facial surface.


Subject(s)
Diagnostic Imaging/instrumentation , Photogrammetry/methods , Child , Adolescent , Face , Anthropometry/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Dimensional Measurement Accuracy
11.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 31(1): 25-31, jan.-mar. 2016. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1498

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: O registro da imagem como conhecemos hoje evoluiu muito desde os primórdios da fotografia por meio da impressão da luz diretamente em um material fotossensível, até os algoritmos matemáticos que constituem malhas tridimensionais, na estereofotogrametria. A tecnologia 3D para captura e extração de informações confiáveis na Cirurgia Plástica tem evoluído muito nos últimos anos; contudo, há necessidade de compreensão do método para que o potencial de aplicabilidade possa ser explorado diretamente pelo cirurgião na sua rotina. O objetivo deste trabalho é abordar os aspectos conceituais, a acurácia da captação e ilustrar aplicações clínicas das malhas tridimensionais, salientando a importância na utilização clínica. MÉTODO: Foi feita uma revisão dos princípios de captação de imagens e da formação de modelos tridimensionais por meio da revisão da literatura, bem como uma descrição da aplicação de testes de acurácia com o uso de scanner de luz estruturada. Indicações clínicas das malhas tridimensionais foram avaliadas tanto no planejamento pré-operatório como no acompanhamento pós-cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Os princípios das tecnologias de captação da imagem foram estabelecidos e a reprodutibilidade da validação da ferramenta de captação das malhas foi confirmada. A aplicabilidade clínica tanto na programação, quanto no acompanhamento foi exemplificada. CONCLUSÃO: A diferença conceitual entre fotografia e malha tridimensional foi estabelecida, juntamente com a introdução dos princípios da tecnologia 3D. As aplicações clínicas do método foram apresentadas, evidenciando o uso promissor de modelos tridimensionais em Cirurgia Plástica.


INTRODUCTION: Image recording as we know it today has evolved considerably from the beginning of photography by means of light printing directly onto a photosensitive material, up to the mathematical algorithms that constitute three-dimensional (3-D) meshes in stereophotogrammetry. The 3-D technology to capture and extract reliable information in plastic surgery has evolved considerably in recent years. However, the procedure for which the applicability potential can be exploited directly by the surgeon in their routine work should be fully understood. The objective of this work was to address the conceptual aspects and the accuracy of the image capture, and to illustrate clinical applications of 3-D meshes, with emphasis on their importance in clinical use. METHODS: Literature on the principles of image capture and formation of tridimensional models was reviewed, as well as the description of the application of the tests of accuracy with the use of a structured-light scanner. Clinical indications of 3-D meshes were evaluated both in the preoperative planning and postsurgical follow-up. RESULTS: The principles of the image capture technologies were established, and the reproducibility of the validation of the tool to capture meshes was confirmed. The clinical applicability both in programming and monitoring was exemplified. CONCLUSION: The conceptual difference between photography and the 3-D mesh system was established, together with the introduction of the principles of 3-D technology. The clinical applications of the method were presented, evidencing the promising application of dimensional models in plastic surgery.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 21st Century , Surgical Mesh , Technology , Weights and Measures , Photogrammetry , Anthropometry , Retrospective Studies , Review , Plastic Surgery Procedures , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Dimensional Measurement Accuracy , Surgical Mesh/adverse effects , Surgical Mesh/standards , Technology/methods , Weights and Measures/standards , Photogrammetry/methods , Anthropometry/methods , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
12.
Conscientiae saúde (Impr.) ; 14(4): 617-626, 30 dez. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-2203

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A fotogrametria computadorizada tem sido considerada uma tecnologia alternativa à exposição radiográfica para a avaliação postural. Objetivos: Analisar a confiabilidade inter e intraexaminador da fotogrametria computadorizada, utilizando-se o software AutoCAD® R12. Métodos: Participaram 15 escolares, submetidos a uma sessão de fotos, após demarcação de pontos anatômicos de interesse para análises das variáveis posturais lineares e angulares. As mesmas fotos foram analisadas por dois avaliadores distintos, e pelo mesmo avaliador após 07 dias da primeira análise, para verificar a confiabilidade interexaminador e intraexaminador respectivamente, por meio da Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI). Resultados: As análises intraexaminador demonstraram níveis elevados de confiabilidade para a maioria das medidas lineares e angulares (CCI≥0,70). Enquanto nas análises interexaminador, observou-se discrepância em algumas mensurações, principalmente em vista posterior (CCI<0,70). Conclusão: A fotogrametria a partir do uso do software AutoCAD® R12, é uma ferramenta com boa confiabilidade intraexaminador para análise postural, porém é necessário mais estudo para verificar a confiabilidade interexaminador.


Introduction: The computerized photogrammetry has been considered an alternative technology to radiographic exposure for postural assessment. Objectives: To analyze inter and intra-rater reliability of the computerized photogrammetry, using AutoCAD® R12 software. Methods: Participants were 15 students, which were photographed after demarcation of anatomical points of interest for analyzes of linear and angular postural variables. The same photos were analyzed by two different evaluators, and by the same evaluator after 07 days of the first analysis to assess the inter-rater reliability and intra-rater respectively, through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The intra-rater analyzes demonstrated high levels of reliability for most linear and angular measurements (ICC≥0.70). While the inter-analyzes, there was some discrepancy in measurements, especially in posterior view (ICC<0.70). Conclusion: Photogrammetry from the use of AutoCAD ® R12 software is a tool with good intra-rater reliability for postural analysis, but more studies are needed to verify inter-rater reliability.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Posture , Photogrammetry/instrumentation , Physical Therapy Modalities/instrumentation , Photogrammetry/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Data Accuracy
13.
Acta cir. bras ; 30(7): 509-516, 07/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-754982

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To determine the limitations of the photographs used to obtain the anthropometric measurements of the breast region. METHODS: Five women, between the ages of 18 to 60 years, were evaluated. Photographs of the frontal and left and right profile views of their breasts were taken. Based on the current literature, the most commonly used anthropometric and anatomic landmarks for breast measurement were marked in their different positions. The different points were used to evaluate if the direct anthropometry was possible in a standardized way and determine how the points and the positions can to be used in any breast measurements. RESULTS: There were some limitations to the use of defining points of the breast fold, as well as of its lower portion and lateral extension positions in both profiles. CONCLUSION: The defining points of the breast fold and the profile photographs have some limitations and we suggested how the points and positions can be used for breasts measurements. .


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Anatomic Landmarks/anatomy & histology , Anthropometry/methods , Breast/anatomy & histology , Photogrammetry/methods , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of Results
14.
Motriz rev. educ. fís. (Impr.) ; 20(2): 192-199, Apr-Jun/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-715628

ABSTRACT

Childhood obesity increases susceptibility to musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity and to identify differences in posture and musculoskeletal pain among eutrophic, overweight, and obese students. Participants were 420 students, 252 (60%) were females and 168 males (40%), with a mean age of 11.1 (±2.3) years. The posture of all participants was qualitatively assessed; the quantitative postural evaluation was performed using the Postural Assessment Software (PAS/SAPo) for a population subsample of 99 participants. An adapted version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used for pain assessment. Data were analyzed descriptively and via statistical tests (significance level of p<0.05). The target population exhibited 22.1% of overweight individuals and 14.1% of obese. Compared to the eutrophic students, the postural evaluation showed a higher knee valgus angle, higher incidence of thoracic kyphosis, and greater prevalence of lumbar hyperlordosis in overweight and obese students (p≤0.05). No association between overweight and pain complaints was detected (p=0.994)...


A obesidade infantil aumenta a susceptibilidade a lesões musculoesqueléticas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e identificar as diferenças na postura e dores musculoesqueléticas entre os estudantes eutróficos, com sobrepeso e obesos. Dos 420 alunos avaliados, 252 (60%) eram do sexo feminino e 168 (40%) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 11,1 (±2,3) anos. A postura de todos os indivíduos foi avaliada qualitativamente. Para uma subamostra (n=99), a avaliação postural quantitativa foi realizada pelo Software de Avaliação Postural (PAS/ SAPo). Uma versão adaptada do Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares foi usada para avaliação da dor. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e por testes estatísticos com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 22,1 % e de obesidade foi de 14,1%. Avaliação postural indicou maiores ângulos de valgo de joelho, maior incidência de cifose torácica e hiperlordose lombar em estudantes com sobrepeso e obesidade em relação aos eutróficos (p≤0,05). Não houve associação entre excesso de peso e dor (p=0,994)...


Un estudio transversal." La obesidad infantil aumenta la susceptibilidad de sufrir lesiones musculoesqueléticas. Los objetivos de este estudio es describir la prevalencia de sobrepeso y de obesidad e identificar las diferencias de postura y dolores musculoesqueléticas entre los estudiantes eutróficos, con sobrepeso y obesos. De los 420 estudiantes evaluados, 252 (60%) eran del sexo femenino y 168 (40%) del sexo masculino, con edad media de 11,1 (±2,3) años. La postura de todos los individuos fue evaluada cualitativamente. Para un submuestreo (n=99), una evaluación de la postura cuantitativa fue realizada por un Programa de Evaluación Postural (Software de Avaliação Postural PAS/SAPo). Una versión adaptada del Cuestionario Nórdico Estandarizado fue utilizada para la evaluación del dolor. Los datos han sido analizados de forma descriptiva y por testes estatísticos con nivel de significancia del 5%. Los resultados han demostrado que la prevalencia de sobrepeso fue de 22,1% y de obesidad fue de 14,1%. La evaluación de la postura ha indicado angulos más grandes de genu valgum (valgo de rodilla), mayor incidencia de cifosis torácica e hiperlordosis lumbar en estudiantes con sobrepeso y obesidad en relación a los alumnos eutróficos (p≤0,05). No hubo asociación entre el exceso de peso y el dolor (p=0,994)...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Photogrammetry/methods , Obesity , Posture
15.
Rev. Fac. Odontol. (B.Aires) ; 28(64): 11-15, ene.-jun. 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-762469

ABSTRACT

Se incorporaron dos sencillos elementos en las fotografías del perfil facial en ortodoncia. La aplicación de un sello, automático, de tinta común con una escala preestablecida de aplicación fácil, ágil y reproducible, directamente sobre la piel del paciente, para otorgar mayorprecisión en la comparación de imágenes en el tiempo; como así también, la utilización de un plano de referencia denominado plano lefraconformado por dos puntos que unen ojo y oído, permitiendo evaluar los cambios producidos en el rostro por medio de la superposición fotográfica. Al finalizar el presente trabajo se concluyo que la utilización del sello y la superposición sobre el plano lefra permiten asimilar eltamaño de las fotografías y a su vez dar una zona referencial estable, facilitando la comparación entre el pre y post tratamiento.


Two simple elements were incorporated in the photographs of facial profile in orthodontics. The application of a seal, automatic, common ink on a prescribed scale of easy, fast and reproducible application, directly on the skin of the patient profile, which gives more accurate comparison of images in time; as well as the use of a reference plane called lefra plane, which consists of two points linking eye and ear, allowing to evaluate the changes in the face by means of photographic superimposition. Upon completion of this work, was concluded that the use of the seal and the overlay on the lefra plane allow to assimilate the size of the photographs and in turn provide a stable reference area to facilitate the comparison between pre and post treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Face/anatomy & histology , Photogrammetry/methods , Photography, Dental , Argentina , Equipment Design , Esthetics, Dental , Schools, Dental , Orthodontics, Corrective/statistics & numerical data
16.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 28(1): 147-155, jan.-mar. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-687363

ABSTRACT

O desenvolvimento de modelos tridimensionais digitais da face foi uma das formas de contornar as limitações dos métodos tradicionais de avaliação de tecidos moles. Para tanto, o método com maior aplicabilidade clínica atualmente é a estereofotogrametria digital. Esta revisão sistemática objetiva abordar o uso dessa técnica em anormalidades craniofaciais, com foco em sua aplicação prática. Foram realizadas buscas sobre o tema nas bases de dados Medline, Cochrane Library, LILACS e SciELO. A partir de critérios de inclusão preestabelecidos, 19 artigos foram selecionados. Extraíram-se dados sobre: sistemas utilizados, ano de publicação, doenças abordadas, pontos de referência usados para cada doença, vantagens e desvantagens da estereofotogrametria por sistema utilizado e qualidade dos artigos. O sistema 3dMD® foi o equipamento empregado em 11 artigos. O ano de publicação mais frequente foi 2010, com 6 trabalhos. Doze estudos abordaram fissuras labiopalatinas e 17 trabalhos utilizaram pontos de referência antropométricos. O caráter não-invasivo, a rápida aquisição de imagens e a acurácia foram as vantagens referidas em 70% dos artigos que aplicaram o sistema 3dMD®. A desvantagem desse mesmo equipamento apontada com maior frequência foi o alto custo. Doze artigos possuíam bom nível de evidência científica. A estereofotogrametria digital é uma tecnologia capaz de aperfeiçoar o modo de avaliação dos tratamentos e quantificação das deformidades craniofaciais. Entretanto, há necessidade de realização de mais estudos com acompanhamento a longo prazo e associação de maior variedade de sistemas.


Three-dimensional digital models of the face were developed to circumvent the limitations of the traditional assessment of soft tissue. Currently, a method reported to have a high clinical applicability is digital stereophotogrammetry. This systematic review aims to address the use of this technique in evaluating craniofacial abnormalities, with a focus on its practical application. The subject was searched in the Medline, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and SciELO databases. From preestablished inclusion criteria, 19 articles were selected. The data extracted were as follows: systems used, year of publication, diseases addressed, reference points used for each disease, advantages and disadvantages of the stereophotogrammetry system used, and quality of articles. The 3dMD® system was used in 11 articles. The most common publication year was 2010, with 6 studies. Twelve studies addressed cleft lip and palate, and 17 studies used anthropometric landmarks. Noninvasiveness, fast image acquisition, and accuracy were the advantages mentioned in 70% of the articles that used the 3dMD® system. The most frequently mentioned disadvantage of such equipment was the high cost. Twelve items had good level of scientific evidence. Digital stereophotogrammetry is a technology aimed to improve the evaluation of treatments and quantification of craniofacial deformities. However, there is a need for more studies with long-term monitoring and on the association of a wider variety of systems.


Subject(s)
Humans , Photogrammetry , Craniofacial Abnormalities , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Photograph , Systematic Review , Photogrammetry/methods , Craniofacial Abnormalities/surgery , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
17.
Campinas; s.n; fev. 2013. 92 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-691890

ABSTRACT

A criança de 10 a 13 anos está em fase de crescimento e desenvolvimento, a literatura destaca que a flexibilidade é maior nessa fase, porém, aponta para uma alta prevalência de alterações posturais na coluna dessa população. A Ginástica Holística se relaciona com a postura e flexibilidade através dos processos metodológicos utilizados em cada aula. Nelas são abordados os seguintes aspectos: relaxamento, respiração, alongamento e equilíbrio. Objetivo: Relacionar a prática de Ginástica Holística com postura e flexibilidade em meninas de 10 a 13 anos. Método: Estudo de caráter experimental com meninas de 10 a 13 anos de escolas públicas dos municípios de Campinas/SP e Hortolândia/SP. A amostra constituiu-se de 43 meninas saudáveis (22 no grupo experimental e 21 no grupo controle). Foi feita a avaliação postural quantitativa através da fotogrametria (software de avaliação postural SAPO) para analisar e mensurar a postura e flexibilidade das meninas. A flexibilidade foi medida também pelo teste da distância do 3º dedo ao solo. Após a avaliação foram realizadas 9 aulas de Ginástica Holística com o grupo experimental. Resultados: Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, adotando-se o nível de significância 5%. Para comparação das alterações posturais entre grupos foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney e para comparação de medidas numéricas entre os dois grupos ao longo do tempo foi utilizada a ANOVA. Em relação à postura os resultados demonstram que, após a intervenção, as participantes do grupo experimental apresentaram redução significativa na diferença do comprimento dos membros (CMI) e uma aproximação do padrão de verticalidade (AVCE). Constatou-se também um aumento na extensão coxo-femoral para os dois grupos. Em termos de flexibilidade, houve diferenças significativas: as participantes do grupo experimental apresentaram maior flexibilidade nas medidas (MF1), (MF2) e (MF3).


The 10 to 13-year old child is in a growth and development stage. Literature emphasizes that flexibility is greater at this stage, although it also indicates a high prevalence of postural alterations in this population's spine. Holistic Gymnastics relates itself to posture and flexibility through methodological processes used in each class, in which aspects such as relaxation, respiration, stretching and balance are approached. Aim: To relate the practice of Holistic Gymnastics to posture and flexibility in 10 to 13- year-old females. Method: A study of experimental character with 10 to 13- year- old females of the towns of Campinas/SP and Hortolândia/SP. The sample constituted of 43 healthy girls (22 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group). The quantitative postural evaluation was carried out through photogrammetry (SAPO postural evaluation software) to analyze and measure the girls' posture and flexibility. Flexibility was also measured through the third-toe-to-the-ground distance test. After the evaluation, 9 Holistic Gymnastics classes were conducted with the experimental group. Results: Data was analyzed statistically, and the 5% significance level was adopted. The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison of the postural alterations between groups, and ANOVA was used to compare the numeric measures between the 2 groups over time. In relation to posture, the results demonstrate that, after intervention, the participants in the experimental group showed a significant reduction in the difference of lower limb length (CMI) and an approximation of the verticality pattern (AVCE) - vertical body alignment left lateral view. An increase in the coxofemoral extension was also found for the 2 groups. In terms of flexibility, there were significant differences: the experimental group participants showed greater flexibility in the measures (MF1), (MF2) and (MF3).


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Adolescent , Pliability , Posture , Photogrammetry/methods
18.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 29(4): 210-213, oct.-dec. 2012.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-665181

ABSTRACT

Stereology is defined as a Discipline consisting of a set of statistical-geometric procedures in order to obtain quantitative information of three-dimensional structures from their two-dimensional images. It becomes a methodological system for the determination of three-dimensional structures by means of mathematical interpretation of histological sections, which uses Mathematics, Geometry, Probabilistic Statistics, and above all, common sense as its main tools. This paper focuses on explaining stereological principles, techniques, grids, sample size and programs. Stereology is a quantitative and comparative method that uses planes, lines and points for the estimation of three-dimensional parameters of morphological structures from two‑dimensional parameters, using isotropy and randomness as prerequisites. Stereology seems to be an applicable tecnique in Health Sciences to mathematically demonstrate the relationship among the components density of a three‑dimensional structure.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anthropometry , Photogrammetry/instrumentation , Photogrammetry/methods , Health Sciences , Research/methods , Stereotaxic Techniques , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
19.
Braz. j. oral sci ; 11(3): 416-421, jul.-set. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-667684

ABSTRACT

Aim: To investigate the correlation between the craniocervical posture measurements obtained by the biophotogrammetric and cephalometric analysis. Methods: 80 women aged between 19 and 35 years were evaluated by the cephalometric and biophotogrammetric methods. The cephalometric variables were: CVA (position of flexion/extension of the head) CPL (forward head posture) CVT/EVT ratio (cervical column curvature). For the biophotogrammetric analysis, photography were analyzed in right profile being two angles related to the head forward posture (A1 and A2) and one related to flexion-extension head position (FE). It was also measured the curvature of the cervical spine by the cervical distance. The correlation between the craniocervical posture variables, as measured by the two methods of assessment, was analyzed by the Pearson’s correlation with a significance level of 5%. Results: It was observed a moderate and significant agreement (p=0.00) between the postural craniocervical variables that analyzed the flexionextension head position (FE and CVA) and the forward head (CPL and A1). The evaluation of the cervical curvature by the DC measure showed no correlation with the cephalometric variable CVT/EVT. Conclusions: The biophotogrammetric analysis can be preferably chosen for assessing the head posture. However, the cephalometric analysis appears to be the most indicated for the cervical curvature measurement, since it enables a more objective view of the bone structures without the influence of the soft tissues.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cephalometry/methods , Photogrammetry/methods , Posture
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